(a)   It is unlawful for any person to drive or move, or for the owner to cause or knowingly permit to be driven or moved on any highway, any vehicle or combination of vehicles which does not contain those parts or is not at all times equipped with such lamps and other equipment in proper condition and adjustment as required in this article, or which is equipped in any manner in violation of any section of this article, or for any person to do any act forbidden or fail to perform any act required by any provision of any section of this article.

(b)   Nothing contained in this article shall be construed to prohibit the use of additional parts and accessories on any vehicle not inconsistent with the provisions of this article.

(c)   The provisions of this article with respect to equipment required on vehicles shall not apply to implements of husbandry, road machinery, road rollers or farm tractors except as specifically made applicable in this article.

(d)   The provisions of this article with respect to equipment required on vehicles shall not apply to motorcycles or motor-driven cycles, except as specifically made applicable by law.

(e)   A low-speed vehicle which is in compliance with the equipment requirements in 49 C.F.R. 571.500 shall be deemed to be in compliance with the provisions of this ordinance.

(K.S.A. 8-1701)

(a)   Every vehicle, except as provided in subsection (b), upon a highway within this state, at all times shall display lighted head and other lamps and illuminating devices as required for different classes of vehicles, subject to exceptions with respect to parked vehicles:

(1)   From sunset to sunrise;

(2)   When due to insufficient light or unfavorable atmospheric conditions, including smoke or fog, persons and vehicles on the highway are not clearly discernible at a distance of 1,000 feet ahead; or

(3)   When windshield wipers are in continuous use as a result of rain, sleet, or snow.

Stop lights, turn signals, and other signaling devices shall be lighted as prescribed for the use of such devices.

(b)   Motorcycles, motor-driven cycles and motorized bicycles manufactured after January 1, 1978, shall display lighted head and taillights at all times that such vehicles are operated on any highway.

(c)   Law enforcement officers shall issue a warning citation to anyone violating subsection (a)(3).

(K.S.A. 8-1703)

(a)   Whenever any requirement is declared in this article as to the distance from which certain lamps and devices shall render objects visible or within such lamps or devices shall be visible, said provisions shall apply, during the times stated in Section 144 in respect to a vehicle without load upon a straight, level, unlighted highway under normal atmospheric conditions unless a different time or condition is expressly stated.

(b)   Whenever any requirement is declared in this article as to the mounted height of lamps or devices, it shall mean from the center of such lamp or device to the level ground upon which the vehicle stands when such vehicle is without a load.

(K.S.A. 8-1704)

Ref.: Vehicles Parked at Night, see Sec. 157.

(a)   Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with at least two head lamps with at least one on each side of the front of the motor vehicle, which head lamps shall comply with the requirements and limitations set forth in this article.

(b)   Every head lamp upon every motor vehicle manufactured or assembled after July 1, 1959, shall be located at a height of not more than 54 inches nor less than 24 inches to be measured as set forth in subsection (b) of Section 145.

(K.S.A. 8-1705)

(a)   Every motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer and pole trailer, and any other vehicle which is being drawn at the end of a combination of vehicles, shall be equipped with at least two tail lamps mounted on the rear, which, when lighted as required in Section 144, shall emit a red light plainly visible from a distance of 1,000 feet to the rear, except that passenger cars manufactured or assembled prior to July 1, 1959, shall have at least one tail lamp. On a combination of vehicles, only the tail lamps on the rearmost vehicle need actually be seen from the distance specified. On vehicles equipped with more than one tail lamp, the lamps shall be mounted on the same level and as widely spaced laterally as practicable.

(b)   Every tail lamp upon every vehicle shall be located at a height of not more than 72 inches nor less than 15 inches.

(c)   Either a tail lamp or a separate lamp shall be so constructed and placed as to illuminate with a white light the rear registration plate and render it clearly legible from a distance of 50 feet to the rear. Any tail lamp or tail lamps, together with any separate lamp for illuminating the rear registration plate, shall be so wired as to be lighted whenever head lamps or auxiliary driving lamps are lighted.

(K.S.A. 8-1706)

(a)   Every motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer and pole trailer shall carry on the rear, either as a part of the tail lamps or separately, two or more red reflectors meeting the requirements of this section: provided, that vehicles of the types mentioned in Section 151 shall be equipped with reflectors meeting the requirements of subsection (a)     of Section 153 and subsection (a) of Section 154.

(b)   Every such reflector shall be mounted on the vehicle at a height not less than 15 inches nor more than 60 inches measured as set forth in subsection (b) of Section 145 and shall be of such size and characteristics and so mounted as to be visible at night from all distances within 600 feet to 100 feet from such vehicle when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps, except that reflectors on vehicles manufactured or assembled prior to January 1, 1970, shall be visible at night from all distances within 350 feet to 100 feet when directly in front of lawful upper beams of head lamps.

(K.S.A. 8-1707)

(a)   Every motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer and pole trailer shall be equipped with two or more stop lamps meeting the requirements of subsection (a) of Section 161, except that passenger cars manufactured or assembled prior to January 1, 1953, shall be equipped with at least one stop lamp. On a combination of vehicles, only the stop lamps on the rearmost vehicle need actually be seen from the distance specified in subsection (a) of Section 161.

(b)   Every motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer and pole trailer shall be equipped with electric turn signal lamps meeting the requirements of subsection (b) of Section 161, except that passenger cars and trucks less than 80 inches in width, manufactured or assembled prior to January 1, 1953 and vehicles registered under K.S.A. 8-194, need not be equipped with electric turn signal lamps.

(K.S.A. 8-1708)

Sections 151 to 155, inclusive, relating to clearance lamps, marker lamps and reflectors, shall apply as stated in said sections to vehicles of the type therein enumerated, namely buses, trucks, truck-tractors, motor homes, motor vehicles with mounted truck-campers, and trailers, semitrailers and pole trailers, respectively, when operated upon any highway, and said vehicle shall be equipped as required and all lamp equipment required shall be lighted at the times mentioned in Section 144. For purposes of the sections enumerated above, a truck-camper, when mounted upon a motor vehicle, shall be considered part of the permanent structure of that motor vehicle.

(K.S.A. 8-1709)

In addition to other equipment required by this ordinance, the following vehicles shall be equipped as herein stated.

(a)   Buses, trucks, motor homes, and motor vehicles with mounted truck-camper, 80 inches or more overall width:

(1)   On the front, two clearance lamps, one at each side, and on vehicles manufactured or assembled after July 1, 1959, three identification lamps meeting the specifications of subsection (g).

(2)   On the rear, two clearance lamps, one at each side, and on vehicles manufactured or assembled after July 1, 1959, three identification lamps meeting the specifications of subsection (g).

(3)   On each side, two side marker lamps, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear.

(4)   On each side, two reflectors, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear.

(b)   Trailers and semitrailers 80 inches or more in overall width, except boat trailers and house trailers for which special permits are required for movement:

(1)   On the front, two clearance lamps, one at each side.

(2)   On the rear, two clearance lamps, one at each side, and on vehicles manufactured or assembled after July 1, 1959, three identification lamps meeting the specifications of subsection (g).

(3)   On each side, two side marker lamps, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear.

(c)   Trailers and semitrailers, except boat trailers and house trailers for which special permits are required pursuant to K.S.A. 8-1911, and amendments thereto, for movement of such house trailers upon the highways of this state: On each side, two reflectors, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear.

(d)   Truck-tractors: On the front, two cab clearance lamps, one at each side, and on vehicles manufactured or assembled after July 1, 1959, three identification lamps meeting the specifications of subsection (g).

(e)   Trailers, semitrailers and pole trailers 30 feet or more in overall length: on each side, one amber side marker lamp and one amber reflector, centrally located with respect to the length of the vehicle.

(f)   Pole trailers:

(1)   On each side, one amber marker lamp at or near the front of the load.

(2)   One amber reflector at or near the front of the load.

(3)   On the rearmost support for the load, one combination marker lamp showing amber to the front and red to the rear and side, mounted to indicate maximum width of the pole trailer.

(g)   Whenever required or permitted by this article, identification lamps shall be grouped in a horizontal row, with lamp centers spaced not less than six nor more than 12 inches apart, and mounted on the permanent structure of the vehicle as close as practicable to the vertical center line: provided, that where the cab of a vehicle is not more than 42 inches wide at the front roof line, a single identification lamp at the center of the cab shall be deemed to comply with the requirements for front identification lamps.

(h)   Boat trailers 80 inches or more in overall width:

(1)   On each side, at or near the midpoint, one clearance lamp performing the function of both a front and rear clearance lamp.

(2)   On each side, two side marker lamps, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear.

(3)   On each side, two reflectors, one at or near the front and one at or near the rear.

(K.S.A. 8-1710)

Ref.: Secs. 153, 154.

(a)   The term “air-conditioning equipment” as used or referred to in this section shall mean mechanical vapor compression refrigeration equipment which is used to cool the driver’s or passenger compartment of any motor vehicle.

(b)   Air-conditioning equipment shall be manufactured, installed and maintained with due regard for the safety of the occupants of the vehicle and the public, and shall not contain any refrigerant which is toxic to persons or which is flammable.

(c)   The secretary of transportation may adopt and enforce safety requirements, rules or regulations and specifications consistent with the requirements of this section applicable to such equipment, which shall correlate with and, so far as possible, conform to the current recommended practice or standard applicable to such equipment approved by the society of automotive engineers.

(d)   No person shall have for sale, offer for sale, sell or equip any motor vehicle with any such equipment unless it complies with the requirements of this section.

(e)   No person shall operate on any highway any motor vehicle equipped with any air-conditioning equipment unless said equipment complies with the requirements of this section. (K.S.A. 8-1747)

(a)   Front clearance lamps, identification lamps and those marker lamps and reflectors mounted on the front or on the side near the front of a vehicle shall display or reflect an amber color.

(b)   Rear clearance lamps, identification lamps and those marker lamps and reflectors mounted on the rear or on the sides near the rear of a vehicle shall display or reflect a red color.

(K.S.A. 8-1711)

(a)   Reflectors when required by Section 151 shall be mounted at a height not less than 24 inches and not more than 60 inches above the ground on which the vehicle stands, except that if the highest part of the permanent structure of the vehicle is less than 24 inches the reflector at such point shall be mounted as high as that part of the permanent structure will permit. The rear reflectors on a pole trailer may be mounted on each side of the bolster or load. Any required red reflector on the rear of a vehicle may be incorporated with the tail lamp, but such reflector shall meet the other reflector requirements of this article.

(b)   Clearance lamps, so far as is practicable, shall be mounted on the permanent structure of the vehicle in such a manner as to indicate the extreme height and width of the vehicle, except that when rear identification lamps are required and are mounted as high as is practicable, rear clearance lamps may be mounted at optional height and when the mounting of front clearance lamps results in such lamps failing to indicate the extreme width of the trailer, such lamps may be mounted at optional height but must indicate, as near as practicable, the extreme width of the trailer. Clearance lamps on truck-tractors shall be located so as to indicate the extreme width of the truck-tractor cab. Clearance lamps and side marker lamps may be mounted in combination if illumination is given as required herein with reference to both.

(K.S.A. 8-1712)

Ref.: Sec. 151.

(a)   Every reflector upon any vehicle referred to in Section 151 shall be of such size and characteristics and so maintained as to be readily visible at nighttime from all distances within 600 feet to 100 feet from the vehicle when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps, except that the visibility of reflectors on vehicles manufactured or assembled prior to January 1, 1970, shall be measured in front of lawful upper beams of head lamps. Reflectors required to be mounted on the sides of the vehicle shall reflect the required color of light to the sides, and those mounted on the rear shall reflect a red color to the rear.

(b)   Front and rear clearance lamps and identification lamps shall be capable of being seen and distinguished under normal atmospheric conditions at the time lights are required at all distances between 500 feet and 50 feet from the front and rear, respectively, of the vehicle.

(c)   Side marker lamps shall be capable of being seen and distinguished under normal atmospheric conditions at the times lights are required at all distances between 500 feet and 50 feet from the side of the vehicle on which mounted.

(K.S.A. 8-1713)

Whenever motor and other vehicles are operated in combination during the time that lights are required, any lamp except tail lamps which, by reason of its location on a vehicle of the combination, would be obscured by another vehicle of the combination, need not be lighted, but this shall not affect the requirement that lighted clearance lamps be displayed on the front of the foremost vehicles required to have clearance lamps, nor that all lights required on the rear of the rearmost vehicle of any combination shall be lighted.

(K.S.A. 8-1714)

Whenever the load upon any vehicle extends to the rear four (4) feet or more beyond the bed or body of such vehicle, there shall be displayed at the extreme rear end of the load, at the times specified in K.S.A. 8-1703, two (2) red lamps visible from a distance of at least five hundred (500) feet to the rear, two (2) red reflectors visible at night from all distances within six hundred (600) feet to one hundred (100) feet to the rear when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps and located so as to indicate maximum width, and on each side one (1) red lamp visible from a distance of at least five hundred (500) feet to the side and located so as to indicate maximum overhang. There shall be displayed at all other times on any vehicle having a load which extends beyond its sides or more than four (4) feet beyond its rear, red flags, not less than twelve (12) inches square, marking the extremities of such load, at each point where a lamp would otherwise be required by this section. (K.S.A. 8-1715)

(a)   Every vehicle shall be equipped with one or more lamps which, when lighted, shall display a white or amber light visible from a distance of 1,000 feet to the front of the vehicle, and a red light visible from a distance of 1,000 feet to the rear of the vehicle. The location of said lamp or lamps always shall be such that at least one lamp or combination of lamps meeting the requirements of this section is installed as near as practicable to the side of the vehicle which is closest to passing traffic.

(b)   Whenever a vehicle is lawfully parked upon a street or highway during the hours between a half hour after sunset and a half hour before sunrise, and in the event there is sufficient light to reveal persons and vehicles within a distance of 1,000 feet upon such street or highway, no lights need be displayed upon such parked vehicle.

(c)   Whenever a vehicle is parked or stopped upon a roadway or shoulder adjacent thereto, whether attended or unattended, during the hours between a half hour after sunset and a half hour before sunrise and there is insufficient light to reveal any person or object within a distance of 1,000 feet upon such highway, such vehicle so parked or stopped shall be equipped with and shall display lamps meeting the requirements of subsection (a).

(d)   Any lighted head lamps upon a parked vehicle shall be depressed or dimmed.

(K.S.A. 8-1716)

(a)   Every vehicle, including animal-drawn vehicles and vehicles referred to in subsection (c) of Section 143, not specifically required by the provisions of other sections in this article to be equipped with lamps or other lighting devices, shall be equipped, at all times specified in Section 144, with at least one lamp displaying a white light visible from a distance of not less than 1,000 feet to the front of said vehicle, and also shall be equipped with two lamps displaying red lights visible from a distance of not less than 1,000 feet to the rear, or as an alternative, one lamp displaying a red light visible from a distance of not less than 1,000 feet to the rear and two red reflectors visible from all distances of 600 to 100 feet to the rear when illuminated by the lawful lower beams of head lamps.

(b)   Every animal-drawn vehicle shall be equipped at all times with a slow-moving vehicle emblem complying with subsection (g) of K.S.A. 8-1717. (K.S.A. 8-1718)

(a)   Every farm tractor manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1975, shall be equipped with vehicular hazard warning lights of a type described in K.S.A. 8-1722, and amendments thereto, visible from a distance of not less than 1,000 feet to the front and rear in normal sunlight, which shall be displayed whenever any such vehicle is operated upon a highway.

(b)   Every farm tractor manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1975, shall at all times, and every other such motor vehicle shall at all times mentioned in K.S.A. 8-1703, and amendments thereto, be equipped with lamps and reflectors as follows:

(1)   At least two head lamps meeting the requirements of K.S.A. 8-1724, 8-1726 or 8-1727, and amendments thereto.

(2)   At least one red lamp visible when lighted from a distance of not less than 1,000 feet to the rear mounted as far to the left of the center of the vehicle as practicable.

(3)   At least two red reflectors visible from all distances within 600 feet to 100 feet to the rear when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps.

(c)   On every combination of farm tractor and towed farm equipment or towed implement of husbandry, the farm tractor shall be equipped as required in subsections (a) and (b), and the towed unit shall be equipped at all times mentioned in K.S.A. 8-1703, and amendments thereto, with lamps and reflectors as follows:

(1)   If the towed unit or its load extends more than four feet to the rear of the tractor or obscures any light thereon, the unit shall be equipped on the rear with at least one red lamp visible when lighted from a distance of not less than 1,000 feet to the rear, mounted as far to the left of the center of the towed unit as practicable, and at least two red reflectors visible from all distances within 600 feet to 100 feet to the rear when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps.

(2)   If the towed unit of such combination extends more than four feet to the left of the center line of the tractor, the unit shall be equipped on the front with an amber reflector visible from all distances within 600 feet to 100 feet to the front when directly in front of lawful lower beams of head lamps. This reflector shall be so positioned to indicate, as nearly as practicable, the extreme left projection of the towed unit.

(3)   If the towed unit or its load obscures either of the vehicle hazard warning lights on the tractor, the towed unit shall be equipped with vehicle hazard warning lights described in subsection (a).

(d)   The two red reflectors required in the preceding subsections shall be so positioned as to show from the rear, as nearly as practicable, the extreme width of the vehicle or combination carrying them. If all other requirements are met, reflective tape or paint may be used in lieu of the reflectors required by subsection (c).

(e)   As used in this section:

(1)   “Slow-moving vehicle” means any vehicle, farm tractor, implement of husbandry, equipment or piece of machinery designed for use at speeds of less than 25 miles per hour, or which is normally moved at speeds of less than 25 miles per hour, and includes all road construction or maintenance machinery, except when such machinery is engaged in actual construction or maintenance work and there is either a flagman or clearly visible warning signs to warn of such machinery’s presence on the roadway.

(2) “Slow-moving vehicle emblem” means a triangular- shaped emblem of substantial construction having equal sides of 14 inches and an altitude of 12 inches, and such emblem shall be painted a fluorescent yellow-orange color and bordered with reflective red-colored strips having a minimum width of 1 ¾ inches, with the vertices of the overall triangle truncated in such a manner that the remaining altitude shall be at least 14 inches.

(f)   The secretary of transportation shall approve slow- moving vehicle emblems which meet the requirements of this act and shall compile and publish a list of approved emblems and the manufacturers thereof.

(g)   A slow-moving vehicle emblem shall be mounted or affixed on the rear of the slow-moving vehicle in compliance with standard S276.2 of the American society of agricultural engineers, as such standard was revised in March 1968.

(h)   No person shall operate any slow-moving vehicle on any highway which is within the national system of interstate and defense highways, the state highway system or the state system of modern express highways and freeways, unless such vehicle is equipped with a properly mounted slow-moving vehicle emblem, which has been approved by the secretary of transportation, and which is maintained in a clean, fluorescent and reflective condition, or display a slow-moving vehicle emblem on any vehicle other than a slow-moving vehicle or display such emblem on a slow-moving vehicle which is being operated at a speed of 25 miles per hour or more, or to use such emblem in any manner other than authorized by this section.

(i)    Notwithstanding the provisions of this section, a low- speed vehicle shall not be required to display a slow- moving vehicle emblem. (K.S.A. 8-1717).

(a)   Spot Lamps. Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two spot lamps. Every lighted spot lamp emitting a white light shall be so aimed and used that no part of the high-intensity portion of the beam will strike the windshield or any windows, mirror or occupant of another vehicle in motion. The limitations of this subsection shall not apply to a police vehicle used as an authorized emergency vehicle.

(b)   Fog Lamps. Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two fog lamps mounted on the front at a height not less than 12 inches nor more than 30 inches above the level surface upon which the vehicle stands, and so aimed that when the vehicle is not loaded none of the high-intensity portion of the light to the left of the center of the vehicle shall at a distance of 25 feet ahead project higher than a level of four inches below the level of the center of the lamp from which it comes. Lighted fog lamps meeting the above requirements may be used with lower head lamp beams as specified in subsection (a)(2) of Section 164 of this ordinance.

(c)   Auxiliary Passing Lamps. Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two auxiliary passing lamps mounted on the front at a height not less than 24 inches nor more than 42 inches above the level surface upon which the vehicle stands. The provisions of Section 164 shall apply to any combination of head lamps and auxiliary passing lamps.

(d)   Auxiliary Driving Lamps. Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two auxiliary driving lamps mounted on the front at a height not less than 16 inches nor more than 42 inches above the level surface upon which the vehicle stands. The provisions of Section 164 shall apply to any combination of head lamps and auxiliary driving lamps.

(K.S.A. 8-1719)

(a)   Except as provided in subsection (b), every authorized emergency vehicle, in addition to any other equipment required by this ordinance, shall be equipped with signal lamps mounted as high and as widely spaced laterally as practicable, which shall be capable of displaying to the front two alternately flashing red lights located at the same level and to the rear two alternately flashing red lights located at the same level, or in lieu thereof, any such authorized emergency vehicle shall be equipped with at least one rotating or oscillating light, which shall be mounted as high as practicable on such vehicle and which shall display to the front and rear of such vehicle a flashing red light or alternate flashes of red and white lights or red and blue lights in combination. All lights required or authorized by this subsection shall have sufficient intensity to be visible at 500 feet in normal sunlight. Every authorized emergency vehicle may, but need not, be equipped with head lamps which alternatively flash or simultaneously flash.

(b)   A police vehicle when used as an authorized emergency vehicle may, but need not, be equipped with:

(1)   Head lamps which alternately flash or simultaneously flash;

(2)   Flashing lights specified in subsection (a), but any flashing lights, used on a police vehicle, other than the flashing lights specified in Section 162, rotating or oscillating lights or alternately flashing head lamps or simultaneously flashing head lamps, shall be red in color; or

(3)   Rotating or oscillating lights, which may display a flashing red light or alternate flashes of red and blue lights in combination.

(c)   A person, partnership, association, corporation, municipality or public official shall not operate, or cause to be operated upon a public highway, road or street within this city, a motor vehicle with a red light, siren or both unless the vehicle has been designated as an authorized emergency vehicle pursuant to K.S.A. 8-2010, and amendments thereto.

(K.S.A. Supp. 8-1720; K.S.A. 8-2010b)

(a)   Wreckers, tow trucks or car carriers designated as authorized emergency vehicles under subsection (c) of K.S.A. 8-2010, and amendments thereto, shall operate such lights authorized under K.S.A. 8-1720, and amendments thereto, only when such wreckers, tow trucks or car carriers are stationary and providing wrecker or towing service at the scene of a vehicle accident or providing emergency service on the side of a highway.

(b)   The provisions of this section shall be part of and supplemental to the uniform act regulating traffic on highways. (K.S.A. 8-2010c)

(a)   Any vehicle may be equipped and when required under this ordinance shall be equipped with a stop lamp or lamps on the rear of the vehicle which shall display a red or amber light, or any shade of color between red and amber, visible from a distance of not less than 300 feet to the rear in normal sunlight, and which shall be actuated upon application of the service or foot brake, and which may, but need not, be incorporated with one or more other rear lamps.

(b)   Any vehicle may be equipped and when required under this ordinance shall be equipped with electric turn signals which shall indicate an intention to turn by flashing lights showing to the front and rear of a vehicle or on a combination of vehicles on the side of the vehicle or combination toward which the turn is to be made. The lamps showing to the front shall be mounted on the same level and as widely spaced laterally as practicable and, when signaling, shall emit amber light: Provided, that on any vehicle manufactured prior to July 1, 1973, the lamps showing to the front may emit white or amber light, or any shade of light between white and amber. The lamps showing to the rear shall be mounted on the same level and as widely spaced laterally as practicable, and, when signaling, shall emit a red or amber light, or any shade of color between red and amber. Turn signal lamps shall be visible from a distance of not less than 500 feet to the front and rear in normal sunlight. Turn signal lamps may, but need not be, incorporated in other lamps on the vehicle.

(K.S.A. 8-1721)

(a)   Any vehicle may be equipped with lamps for the purpose of warning the operators of other vehicles of the presence of a vehicular traffic hazard requiring the exercise of unusual care in approaching, overtaking or passing.

(b)   Every bus, truck, truck-tractor, trailer, semi-trailer or pole trailer 80 inches or more in overall width or 30 feet or more in overall length shall be equipped with lamps meeting the requirements of this section.

(c)   Vehicular hazard warning signal lamps used to display such warning to the front shall be mounted at the same level and as widely spaced laterally as practicable, and shall display simultaneously flashing amber lights. On any vehicle manufactured prior to January 1, 1969, the lamps showing to the front may display simultaneously flashing white or amber lights, or any shade of color between white and amber. The lamps used to display such warning to the rear shall be mounted at the same level and as widely spaced laterally as practicable, and shall show simultaneously flashing amber or red lights, or any shade of color between amber and red. Such warning lights shall be visible from a distance of not less than 500 feet in normal sunlight.

(d)   Any police vehicle, when used as an authorized emergency vehicle, may be equipped with warning lamps mounted as widely spaced laterally as practicable, either inside such vehicle, in front of the rear window or on the roof of such vehicle, and capable of displaying two alternately flashing amber lights to the rear of such vehicle. Such warning lamps may be used in lieu of or in combination with any other vehicular hazard warning signal lamps used to display such warning to the rear, and shall be visible from a distance of not less than 500 feet in normal sunlight.

(e)   Every truck designed and used for collection and disposal of domestic or commercial waste or trash shall be equipped as provided in subsection (c) and shall operate such lamps when collecting or transporting waste or trash and traveling 15 miles per hour or less.

(K.S.A. 8-1722)

(a)   Whenever any truck, bus, truck-tractor, trailer, semitrailer or pole trailer eighty (80) inches or more in overall width or thirty (30) feet or more in overall length is stopped upon a roadway or adjacent shoulder, the driver immediately shall actuate vehicular hazard warning signal lamps meeting the requirements of K.S.A. 8-1722. Such lights need not be displayed by a vehicle parked lawfully in an urban district, or stopped lawfully to receive or discharge passengers, or stopped to avoid conflict with other traffic or to comply with the directions of a police officer or an official traffic-control device, or while the devices specified in subsections (b) to (h) are in place.

(b)   Whenever any vehicle of a type referred to in subsection (a) is disabled, or stopped for more than ten (10) minutes, upon a roadway outside of an urban district at any time when lighted lamps are required, the driver of such vehicle shall display the following warning devices, except as provided in subsection (c):

(1)   A lighted fusee, a lighted red electric lantern or a portable red emergency reflector shall immediately be placed at the traffic side of the vehicle in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic.

(2)   As soon thereafter as possible but in any event within the burning period of the fusee, the driver shall place three (3) liquid-burning flares, or three (3) lighted red electric lanterns, or three (3) portable red emergency reflectors on the roadway in the following order:

(i)    One (1) approximately one hundred (100) feet from the disabled vehicle in the center of the lane occupied by such vehicle and toward traffic approaching in that lane.

(ii)   One (1) approximately one hundred (100) feet in the opposite direction from the disabled vehicle and in the center of the traffic lane occupied by such vehicle.

(iii)  One (1) at the traffic side of the disabled vehicle not less than ten (10) feet rearward or forward thereof in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic. If a lighted red electric lantern or a red portable emergency reflector has been placed at the traffic side of the vehicle in accordance with paragraph (1) of this subsection, it may be used for this purpose.

(c)   Whenever any vehicle referred to in this section is disabled, or stopped for more than ten (10) minutes, within five hundred (500) feet of a curve, hillcrest or other obstruction to view, the warning device in that direction shall be so placed as to afford ample warning to other users of the highway, but in no case less than one hundred (100) feet nor more than five hundred (500) feet from the disabled vehicle.

(d)   Whenever any vehicle of a type referred to in this section is disabled, or stopped for more than ten (10) minutes, upon any roadway of a divided highway during the time lighted lamps are required, the appropriate warning devices prescribed in subsections (b) and (e) shall be placed as follows: One (1) at a distance of approximately two hundred (200) feet from the vehicle in the center of the lane occupied by the stopped vehicle and in the direction of traffic approaching in that lane; one (1) at a distance of approximately one hundred (100) feet from the vehicle, in the center of the lane occupied by the vehicle and in the direction of traffic approaching in that lane; one (1) at the traffic side of the vehicle and approximately ten (10) feet from the vehicle in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic.

(e)   Whenever any motor vehicle used in the transportation of explosives or any cargo tank truck used for the transportation of any flammable liquid or compressed gas is disabled, or stopped for more than ten (10) minutes, at any time and place mentioned in subsection (b), (c) or (d), the driver of such vehicle shall immediately display red electric lanterns or portable red emergency reflectors in the same number and manner specified therein. Flares, fusees or signals produced by flame shall not be used as warning devices for vehicles of the type mentioned in this subsection nor for vehicles using compressed gas as a fuel.

(f)   The warning devices described in subsections (b) to (e) need not be displayed where there is sufficient light to reveal persons and vehicles within a distance of one thousand (1,000) feet.

(g)   Whenever any vehicle described in this section is disabled, or stopped for more than ten (10) minutes, upon a roadway outside of an urban district or upon the roadway of a divided highway at any time when lighted lamps are not required by K.S.A. 8-1703, the driver of the vehicle shall display two (2) red flags as follows:

(1)   If traffic on the roadway moves in two (2) directions, one (1) flag shall be placed approximately one hundred (100) feet to the rear and one (1) flag approximately one hundred (100) feet in advance of the vehicle in the center of the lane occupied by such vehicle.

(2)   Upon a one-way roadway, one (1) flag shall be placed approximately one hundred (100) feet and one (1) flag approximately two hundred (200) feet to the rear of the vehicle in the center of the lane occupied by such vehicle.

(h)   When any vehicle described in this section is stopped entirely off the roadway and on an adjacent shoulder at any time and place hereinbefore mentioned, the warning devices shall be placed, as nearly as practicable, on the shoulder near the edge of the roadway.

(i)    The flares, fusees, red electric lanterns, portable red emergency reflectors and flags to be displayed as required in this section shall conform with the requirements of K.S.A. 8-1744 applicable thereto. (K.S.A. 8-1745)

(a)   Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not more than two side cowl or fender lamps which shall emit an amber or white light without glare.

(b)   Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not more than one running-board courtesy lamp on each side which shall emit a white or amber light without glare.

(c)   Any motor vehicle may be equipped with one or more back-up lamps, either separately or in combination with other lamps, but any such back-up lamp or lamps shall not be lighted when the motor vehicle is in forward motion.

(d)   Any vehicle 80 inches or more in overall width, if not otherwise required by Section 151, may be equipped with not more than three identification lamps showing to the front which shall emit an amber light without glare and not more than three identification lamps showing to the rear which shall emit a red light without glare. Such lamps shall be mounted as specified in subsection (g) of Section 151.

(e)   Any vehicle may be equipped with one or more side marker lamps and any such lamp may be flashed in conjunction with turn or vehicular hazard warning signals. Side marker lamps located toward the front of a vehicle shall be amber and side marker lamps located toward the rear shall be red.

(f)   Any motor vehicle may be equipped with ground effect lighting, except that such lighting shall not flash, be any shade of red nor shall any portion of the bulb or lighting fixture be visible. Ground effect lighting means lights placed underneath the motor vehicle for the purpose of illuminating the ground below the motor vehicle creating a halo light effect.

(g)   Any motor vehicle may be equipped with head lamps which alternately flash or simultaneously flash when such motor vehicle is being used as the lead motor vehicle of a funeral procession. A funeral hearse may serve as a funeral lead vehicle.

(K.S.A. Supp. 8-1723)

(a)   Except as hereinafter provided, the head lamps, or the auxiliary driving lamps or the auxiliary passing lamp or combination thereof, on motor vehicles other than motorcycles shall be so arranged that the driver may select at will between distribution of light projected to different elevations, and such lamps may, in addition, be so arranged that such selection can be made automatically, subject to the following limitations:

(1)   There shall be an uppermost distribution of light or composite beam, so aimed and of such intensity as to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of at least 450 feet ahead for all conditions of loading.

(2)   There shall be a lowermost distribution of light, or composite beam, so aimed and of sufficient intensity to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of at least 150 feet ahead; and on a straight level road under any condition of loading none of the high-intensity portion of the beam shall be directed to strike the eyes of an approaching driver.

(b)   Every new motor vehicle registered in this state which has multiple-beam road-lighting equipment shall be equipped with a beam indicator, which shall be lighted whenever the uppermost distribution of light from the head lamps is in use, and shall not otherwise be lighted. Said indicator shall be so designed and located that when lighted it will be readily visible without glare to the driver of the vehicle so equipped.

(K.S.A. 8-1724)

When a motor vehicle is being operated on a highway or shoulder adjacent thereto during the times specified in Section 144 of this ordinance the driver shall use a distribution of light, or composite beam, directed high enough and of sufficient intensity to reveal persons and vehicles at a safe distance in advance of the vehicle, subject to the following requirements and limitations:

(a)   When the driver of a vehicle approaches an oncoming vehicle within 500 feet, such driver shall use a distribution of light, or composite beam, so aimed that the glaring rays are not projected into the eyes of the oncoming driver. The lowermost distribution of light, or composite beam, specified in subsection (a)(2) of Section 164 or subsection (b) of Section 187, shall be dimmed to avoid glare at all times, regardless of road contour and loading.

(b)   When the driver of a vehicle approaches another vehicle from the rear, within 300 feet, except when engaged in the act of overtaking and passing, such driver shall use a distribution of light permissible under this article other than the uppermost distribution of light specified in subsection (a)(1) of Section 164 or subsection (b) of Section 187.

(c)   The requirements in subsections (a) and (b) shall not apply to:

(1)   Authorized emergency vehicles displaying alternately flashing or simultaneously flashing head lamps as provided in Section 160; or

(2)   School buses displaying alternately flashing or simultaneously flashing head lamps as provided in Section 170.

(K.S.A. 8-1725)

Head lamp systems which provide only a single distribution of light shall be permitted on all farm tractors, regardless of date of manufacture, and on other motor vehicles manufactured and sold prior to July 1, 1938, in lieu of multiple-beam road-lighting equipment herein specified, if the single distribution of light complies with the following requirements and limitations:

a)    The head lamps shall be so aimed that when the vehicle is not loaded none of the high intensity portion of the light at a distance of 25 feet ahead shall project higher than a level of five inches below the level of the center of the lamp from which it comes, and in no case higher than 42 inches above the level on which the vehicle stands at a distance of 75 feet ahead.

(b)   The intensity shall be sufficient to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of at least 200 feet.

(K.S.A. 8-1726)

Any motor vehicle may be operated under the conditions specified in Sec. 144 when equipped with two lighted lamps upon the front thereof capable of revealing persons and vehicles 100 feet ahead in lieu of lamps required in Sec. 164 or Sec. 166: Provided, that at no time shall it be operated at a speed in excess of 25 miles per hour.

(K.S.A. 8-1727)

(a)   At all times specified in Section 144 of this ordinance, at least two lighted head lamps shall be displayed, one on each side at the front of every motor vehicle, except when such vehicle is parked, subject to the regulations governing lights on parked vehicles.

(b)   Whenever a motor vehicle equipped with head lamps as herein required is also equipped with any auxiliary lamps or a spot lamp or any other lamp on the front thereof projecting a beam of an intensity greater than 300 candlepower, not more than a total of four of any such lamps on the front of a vehicle shall be lighted at any one time when upon a highway.

(K.S.A. 8-1728)

(a)   During the time specified in Section 144, any lighted lamp or illuminating device upon a motor vehicle, other than head lamps, spot lamps, auxiliary lamps, flashing turn signals, and school bus warning lamps, that project a beam of light of an intensity greater than 300 candlepower shall be so directed that no part of the high intensity portion of the beam will strike the level of the roadway on which the vehicle stands at a distance of more than 75 feet from the vehicle.

(b)   Except as required or permitted in Sections 160, 169.1 and 170, no person shall drive or move any vehicle or equipment upon any highway with any lamp or device capable of displaying a red light visible from directly in front of the center thereof, nor shall any vehicle or equipment upon any highway have any lamp or device displaying any color of light visible from directly in front of the center thereof except white or amber or any shade of color between white and amber.

(c)   Flashing lights are prohibited except as authorized or required in Sections 158,1, 160, 161, 162, 163, 170, 171, and 172.

(d)   The flashing lights described in Sections 160, 170, and 171 shall not be used on any vehicle other than a school bus, church bus or day program bus, as defined in Section 171, or an authorized emergency vehicle.

(e)   All lighting devices and reflectors mounted on the rear of any vehicle shall display or reflect a red color, except the stop light or other signal device, which may be red, amber or yellow, and except that the light illuminating the license plate shall be white and the light emitted by a back-up lamp shall be white or amber. (K.S.A. 8-1729)

(a) A driver for a transportation network company, who is logged on to the transportation network company’s digital network, may equip the vehicle with a lighting device capable of displaying light visible from directly in front of the center of the vehicle. Such lighting device may display:

(1)   Steady light; and

(2)   Light of any color, except red.

The words and phrase used in this section have the meanings respectively ascribed thereto in Section 1 and K.S.A. 8-2702, and amendments thereto, unless a different meaning is plainly required by the context. (K.S.A. 8-1762).

(a)   Every school bus, in addition to any other equipment and distinctive markings required by this act:

(1)   Shall be equipped with signal lamps mounted as high and as widely spaced laterally as practicable, which shall display to the front two alternately flashing red lights located at the same level and to the rear two alternately flashing red lights located at the same level, and these lights shall be visible at 500 feet in normal sunlight; and

(2)   Every new school bus put into initial service after July 1, 2007, shall be equipped with a white flashing strobe light mounted on the roof of such bus to afford optimum visibility.

(b)   Any school bus, in addition to the lights required by subsection (a), may be equipped with:

(1)   Yellow signal lamps mounted near each of the four red lamps and at the same level but closer to the vertical centerline of the bus, which shall display two alternately flashing yellow lights to the front and two alternately flashing yellow lights to the rear, and these lights shall be visible at 500 feet in normal sunlight. These lights shall be displayed by the school bus driver at least 200 feet, but not more than 1,000 feet, before every stop at which the alternately flashing red lights required by subsection (a) will be actuated; or

(2)   Head lamps which alternately flash on low beam or simultaneously flash on low beam, except such head lamps shall only be activated during daylight hours.

(c)   The provisions of this section shall be subject to the provisions contained in K.S.A. 8-2009a, and amendments thereto.

(K.S.A. 8-1730)

Any church bus, or day care program bus, in addition to any other equipment and distinctive markings required by law, may be equipped with:

(a)   Signal lamps which conform to the requirements of Section 170, and rules and regulations adopted pursuant thereto; and

(b)   A stop signal arm which conforms to requirements therefor applicable to school buses which have been adopted by rules and regulations of the state board of education.

(K.S.A. 8-1730a)

It shall be unlawful to operate any snow removal and other highway maintenance and service equipment on any highway unless the lamps thereon comply with and are lighted when and as required by the standards and specifications adopted by the Secretary of Transportation.

(K.S.A. 8-1731)

(a)   Every motor vehicle and every combination of vehicles shall have a service braking system which will stop such vehicle or combination within 40 feet from an initial speed of 20 miles per hour on a level, dry, smooth, hard surface.

(b)   Every motor vehicle and combination of vehicles shall have a parking brake system adequate to hold such vehicle or combination on any grade on which it is operated under all conditions of loading, on a surface free from snow, ice or loose material.

(c)   When necessary for the safe operation of any vehicle or class of vehicles, the secretary of transportation may require additional braking systems. Every vehicle must comply with any additional requirements.

(d)   The provisions of this section shall not apply to vehicles registered pursuant to K.S.A. 8-166 et seq. and any amendments thereto. (K.S.A. 8-1734)

(a)   Every motor vehicle when operated upon a highway shall be equipped with a horn in good working order and capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of not less than 200 feet, but no horn or other warning device shall emit an unreasonably loud or harsh sound or a whistle. The driver of a motor vehicle shall when reasonably necessary to insure safe operation shall give audible warning with his horn, but shall not otherwise use such horn when upon a highway.

(b)   No vehicle shall be equipped with nor shall any person use upon a vehicle any siren, whistle or bell, except as otherwise permitted in this section.

(c)   Any vehicle may be equipped with a theft alarm signal device which is so arranged that it cannot be used by the driver as an ordinary warning signal. Such a theft alarm signal may use a whistle, bell, horn or other audible signal but shall not use a siren.

(d)   Every authorized emergency vehicle shall be equipped with a siren, whistle, or bell, capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of not less than 500 feet and of a type approved by the secretary of transportation, but such siren shall not be used except when such vehicle is operated in response to an emergency call or in the immediate pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of the law, in which said latter events the driver of such vehicle shall sound said siren when reasonably necessary to warn pedestrians and other drivers of the approach thereof.

(e)   Every truck specifically designed and equipped and used exclusively for garbage, refuse, or solid waste disposal operations shall be equipped with a whistle, bell, or other audible signal. Such whistle, bell, or other audible signal shall be used only when the driver of the truck is backing such truck. Notwithstanding the provisions of this section, a city may adopt an ordinance prohibiting the activation of such whistle, bell, or other audible signal during specific periods of time during the day. (K.S.A. 8-1738)

(f)   Every truck designed and used for collection and disposal of domestic or commercial waste or trash shall be equipped with vehicular hazard warning signal lamps for the purpose of warning the operators of other vehicles of the presence of a vehicular traffic hazard requiring the exercise of unusual care in approaching, overtaking or passing. Hazard warning signal lamps used to display such warning to the front shall be mounted at the same level and as widely space laterally as practicable, and shall display simultaneously flashing amber lights. On any vehicle manufactured prior to January 1, 1969, the lamps showing to the front may display simultaneously flashing white or amber lights, or any shade of color between white and amber. The lamps used to display such warning to the rear shall be mounted at the same level and as widely spaced laterally as practicable, and shall show simultaneously flashing amber or red lights, or any shade of color between amber and red. Such warning lights shall be visible from a distance of not less than 500 feet in normal sunlight. (K.S.A. 8-1722).

(a)   Every vehicle shall be equipped, maintained and operated so as to prevent excessive or unusual noise. Every motor vehicle at all times shall be equipped with a muffler or other effective noise suppressing system in good working order and in constant operation, and no person shall use a muffler cutout, bypass or similar device.

(b)   The engine and power mechanism of every motor vehicle shall be so equipped and adjusted as to prevent the escape of excessive fumes or smoke.

(K.S.A. 8-1739)

It shall be unlawful for the driver of any motor vehicle to use or cause to be used or operated any compression release engine braking system without such motor vehicle being equipped with a muffler in accordance with Section 175. As used in this section, “compression release engine braking system” means a hydraulically operated device that converts a power producing diesel engine into a power absorbing retarding mechanism.

(K.S.A. Supp. 8-1761)

(a)   Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a mirror mounted on the left side of the vehicle and so located as to reflect to the driver a view of the highway to the rear of the vehicle.

(b)   Every motor vehicle, except a motorcycle, shall be equipped with an additional mirror mounted either inside the vehicle approximately in the center or outside the vehicle on the right side and so located as to reflect to the driver a view of the highway to the rear of the vehicle.

(c)   All mirrors required by regulations of the United States department of transportation shall be maintained in good condition.

(K.S.A. 8-1740)

(a)   No person shall drive any motor vehicle with any sign, poster or other nontransparent material upon the front windshield, side wings, side or rear windows of such vehicle which substantially obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s clear view of the highway or any intersecting highway.

(b)   No person shall drive any motor vehicle with a damaged front windshield or side or rear windows which substantially obstructs the driver’s clear view of the highway or any intersecting highway.

(c)   The windshield on every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a device for cleaning rain, snow or other moisture from the windshield, which device shall be so constructed as to be controlled or operated by the driver of the vehicle.

(d)   Every windshield wiper upon a motor vehicle shall be maintained in good working order. (K.S.A. 8-1741)

(a)   Every solid rubber tire on a vehicle shall have rubber on its entire traction surface at least one inch thick above the edge of the flange of the entire periphery.

(b)   No person shall operate or move on any highway any motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer having any metal tire in contact with the roadway.

(c)   No tire on a vehicle moved on a highway shall have on its periphery any protuberance of any material other than rubber which projects beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire, except that it shall be permissible to use:

(1)   Farm machinery with tires having protuberances which will not injure the highway;

(2)   Tire chains of reasonable proportions upon any vehicle when required for safety because of snow, ice or other conditions tending to cause a vehicle to skid;

(3)   Studded traction equipment upon any vehicle when required for safety because of snow, ice or other conditions tending to cause a vehicle to skid; or

(4)   Pneumatic tires having metallic or nonmetallic studs designed to improve traction without materially injuring the surface of the highway. To qualify under paragraph (3) or (4), such tires or studded traction equipment shall be approved by the secretary of transportation by adoption of rules and regulations, and their use may be limited to certain months or types of vehicles by such rules and regulations.

(d)   The governing body may issue special permits authorizing the operation upon a highway of traction engines or tractors having movable tracks with transverse corrugations upon the periphery of such movable tracks or farm tractors or other farm machinery, the operation of which upon a highway would otherwise be prohibited under this ordinance.

(e)   It is unlawful for any person to operate a motor vehicle or combination of vehicles having one or more tires in an unsafe condition. A solid rubber tire is in an unsafe condition if it does not comply with the provisions of subsection (a). A pneumatic tire is in an unsafe condition if it has:

(1)   Any part of the ply or cord exposed;

(2)   Any bump, bulge or separation;

(3)   A tread design depth of less than one-sixteenth (1/16) inch measured in any two or more adjacent tread grooves, exclusive of tie bars, or, for those tires with tread wear indicators worn to the level of the tread wear indicators in any two tread grooves;

(4)   A marking “not for highway use” or “for racing purposes only” or “unsafe for highway use”;

(5)   Tread or sidewall cracks, cuts or snags deep enough to expose the body cord;

(6)   Been regrooved or recut below the original tread design depth, excepting special taxi tires which have extra undertread rubber and are identified as such; or

(7)   Such other conditions as may be reasonably demonstrated to render it unsafe.

(f)   The provisions of subsection (e) shall not apply to a vehicle or combination of vehicles being transported by a wrecker or tow truck.

(g)   It shall be unlawful for any person to operate a vehicle with a single tire on any hubs configured for a dual tire assembly. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply:

(1)   To any truck registered for a gross weight of 20,000 pounds or less;

(2)   To any vehicle or combination of vehicles operating with wide-base single tires, as defined in K.S.A. 8-1742b, and amendments thereto, on any hubs configured for a dual tire assembly;

(3)   To any single axle with hubs configured for a dual tire assembly when such single axle does not exceed 9,000 pounds and is a part of a triple-axle combination; or

(4)   In cases of emergency.

(h)   No person in the business of selling tires shall sell or offer for sale for highway use any tire which is in unsafe condition or which has tread depth of less than one-sixteenth (1/16) inch measured as specified in subsection (e).

(K.S.A. 8-1742; K.S.A. 8-1742a)

(a)   The following shall apply where wide-base single tires are used in the operation of any vehicle or combination of vehicles:

(1)   The maximum load for a wide-base single tire on a steering axle shall not exceed 600 pounds per inch of tire section width. The maximum load for a wide- base single tire on any other axle shall not exceed 575 pounds per inch of tire section width;

(2)   No wide-base single tire shall exceed the load designated by the manufacturer; and

(3)   The maximum tire inflation pressures shall be as designated by the manufacturer.

(b)   The provisions of paragraph (1) of subsection (a) shall apply to all wide-based single tires purchased after July 1, 1993.

(c)   Any conviction or forfeiture of bail or bond for any violation of this section shall not be construed as a moving traffic violation for the purpose of K.S.A. 8-255, and amendments thereto.

(K.S.A. 8-1742b)

(a)   No vehicle shall be driven or moved on any highway unless such vehicle is so constructed or loaded as to prevent any of its load from dropping, sifting, leaking or otherwise escaping therefrom, except that:

(1)   This section shall not prohibit the necessary spreading of any substance in highway maintenance or construction operations; and

(2)   (A)  Subsections (a) and (c) shall not apply to:

(i)    trailers or semitrailers when hauling livestock if such trailers or semitrailers are properly equipped with a cleanout trap and such trap is operated in a closed position unless material is intentionally spilled when the trap is in a closed position; or

(ii)   trucks, trailers or semitrailers when hauling agricultural forage commodities intrastate from the place of production to a market or place of storage or from a place of storage to a place of use. The provisions of this clause shall not apply to trucks, trailers or semitrailers hauling:

(a)   Hay bales; or

(b)   other packaged or bundled forage commodities.

(iii)  trucks, trailers or semitrailers when hauling cotton bales transported by the producer intrastate from the place of production or storage to a market, place of storage or place of use if:

       (a)   cotton bales are fully loaded from front to back on such truck, trailer or semitrailer in a single layer;

       (b)   the truck, trailer or semitrailer is equipped with cradles; and

       (c)   the truck, trailer or semitrailer is equipped with stakes, side boards or side posts that are not less than 12 inches high.

(B)  Paragraph (2)(A)(i) shall not apply to trailers or semitrailers used for hauling livestock when livestock are not being hauled in such trailers or semitrailers.

(b)   All trailers or semitrailers used for hauling livestock shall be cleaned out periodically.

(c)   No person shall operate on any highway any vehicle with any load unless such load and any covering thereon is securely fastened so as to prevent the covering or load from becoming loose, detached or in any manner a hazard to other users of the highway. (K.S.A. 8-1906)

(a)   When one vehicle is towing another, the drawbar, towbar or other connections shall be of sufficient strength to pull, stop and hold all weight towed thereby, and so designed, constructed and installed as to insure that any vehicle or motor vehicle towed on a level, smooth, paved surface will follow in the path of the towing vehicle when it is moving in a straight line. In addition to the drawbar connections between any two such vehicles, there shall be provided an adequate safety hitch.

(b)   When one vehicle is towing another and the connection consists of a chain, rope or cable, there shall be displayed upon such connection a white flag or cloth not less than 12 inches square.

(c)   Motor vehicles in transit may be transported in combination by means of towbar, saddlemount or fullmount mechanisms, utilizing the motive power of one of the motor vehicles in such combination, except that not more than two vehicles in any such combination of motor vehicles in transit may be connected by means of a towbar mechanism. Whenever motor vehicles are transported as authorized in this subsection, such motor vehicles shall be connected securely in combination in accordance with rules and regulations adopted by the secretary of transportation, and any combination of such motor vehicles shall comply with the limitations prescribed by K.S.A. 8-1904, and amendments thereto.

(d)   Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), not more than three vehicles, including the towing vehicle, in any combination of vehicles may be connected by means of a towbar mechanism, and if the three such vehicles are connected by towbar mechanisms, the towbar mechanism between the towing vehicle and the first towed vehicle shall be equipped with an anti-sway mechanism. In addition, the second towed vehicle of every combination of vehicles so connected shall be equipped with service brakes acting on the wheels of at least one axle, and which are of a type approved by the secretary of transportation and of such character as to be applied automatically and promptly.

(K.S.A. 8-1907)

(a)   No motor vehicle required to be registered in this state and that is operated on the highways of this city shall be equipped with one-way glass or any sun screening device, as defined in Section 1, and used in conjunction with windshields, side wings, side windows or rear windows that do not meet the following requirements:

(1)   A sun screening device when used in conjunction with the windshield shall be nonreflective and shall not be red, yellow or amber in color. A sun screening device shall be used only along the top of the windshield and shall not extend downward beyond the AS1 line which is clearly defined and marked;

(2)   A sun screening device when used in conjunction with the side wings or side windows located at the immediate right and left of the driver, the side windows behind the driver and the rear most window shall be nonreflective; and

(3)   The total light transmission shall not be less than 35% when a sun screening device is used in conjunction with other existing sun screening devices.

(b)   Subsection (a) (3) shall not apply to a window of a law enforcement motor vehicle.

(c)   The provisions of subsection (a) shall not apply to the installation, affixation or application of a clear, colorless and transparent material that may be installed, affixed or applied to the windshields, side wings, side windows or rear windows of a motor vehicle if the following conditions are met:

(1)   The material has a minimum visible light transmittance of 78%;

(2)   The window glazing with the material applied meets all requirements of federal motor vehicle safety standard no. 205, including the specified minimum light transmittance of 70% and the abrasion resistance of AS-14 glazing, as specified in that federal standard;

(3)   The material is designed and manufactured to enhance the ability of the existing window glass to block the sun’s harmful ultraviolet A or B rays;

(4)   The driver or occupant of the vehicle possesses a signed statement from a licensed physician or licensed optometrist that:

(A)  Identifies with reasonable specificity the driver or occupant of the vehicle; and

(B)  States that, in the physician’s or optometrist’s professional opinion, the equipping of the vehicle with the material is necessary to safeguard the health of the driver or occupant of the vehicle; and

(C)  If the material described in this subsection tears or bubbles, or is otherwise worn to prohibit clear vision, it shall be removed or replaced.

(d)   Any driver who is issued a citation for failure to possess a signed statement pursuant to subsection (c)(4) shall have 60 days to either produce in court a signed statement or remove the material described in subsection (c). If such driver produces the signed statement or submits proof to the satisfaction of the court that the material described in subsection (c) has been removed, then the court shall dismiss the citation.

(e)   This section shall not prohibit labels, stickers or other informational signs that are required or permitted by law.

(f)   No motor vehicle required to be registered in this state that is operated on the highways of this city shall be equipped with head lamps that are covered with any sun screening device, adhesive film or other glaze or application which, when such lamps are not in operation, is highly reflective or otherwise nontransparent.

(g)   Any person violating the provisions of (a) or (f) of this section shall be in violation of this ordinance and punished as provided in Section 201.

(h)   Any person who installs a sun screening device on a motor vehicle which is not in compliance with the provisions of this section, upon conviction, shall be guilty of a violation of this ordinance and shall be punished by a fine of not more than $500 or by imprisonment for not more than one month or by both such fine and imprisonment. (K.S.A. 8-1749a; K.S.A. 8-1749c)

(a)   Every driver who transports a child under the age of 14 years in a passenger car or an autocycle on a highway shall provide for the protection of such child by properly using:

(1)   For a child under the age of four years an appropriate child passenger safety restraining system that meets or exceeds the standards and specifications contained in federal motor vehicle safety standard no. 213;

(2)   For a child four years of age, but under the age of eight years and who weighs less than 80 pounds or is less than 4 feet 9 inches in height, an appropriate child passenger safety restraining system that meets or exceeds the standards and specifications contained in federal motor vehicle safety standard no. 213; or

(3)   For a child 8 years of age but under the age of 14 years or who weighs more than 80 pounds or is more than 4 feet 9 inches in height, a safety belt manufactured in compliance with federal motor vehicle safety standard no. 208.

(b)   If the number of children subject to the requirements of subsection (a) exceeds the number of passenger securing locations available for use by children affected by such requirements, and all of these securing locations are in use by children, then there is not a violation of this section.

(c)   If a securing location only has a lap safety belt available, the provisions of subsection (a)(2) shall not apply and the child shall be secured in accordance with the provisions of subsection (a)(3).

(d)   It shall be unlawful for any driver to violate the provisions of subsection (a) and upon conviction such driver shall be punished by a fine of $60. The failure to provide a child safety restraining system or safety belt for more than one child in the same passenger car or autocycle at the same time shall be treated as a single violation. Any conviction under the provisions of this subsection shall not be construed as a moving traffic violation for the purpose of K.S.A. 8-255, and amendments thereto.

(e)   The $60 fine provided for in subsection (d) shall be waived if the driver convicted of violating subsection (a) (1) or (a)(2) provides proof to the court that such driver has purchased or acquired the appropriate and approved child passenger safety restraining system. At the time of issuing the citation for a violation of subsection (a)(1) or (a)(2), the law enforcement officer shall notify the driver of the waiver provisions of this subsection.

(f)   No driver charged with violating the provisions of this section shall be convicted if such driver produces in the office of the arresting officer or in court proof that the child was 14 years of age or older at the time the violation was alleged to have occurred.

(g)   Evidence of failure to secure a child in a child passenger safety restraining system or a safety belt under the provisions of this section shall not be admissible in any action for the purpose of determining any aspect of comparative negligence or mitigation of damages.

(h)   As used in this section passenger car means a motor vehicle, manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1968, or a motor vehicle manufactured or assembled prior to 1968 which was manufactured or assembled with safety belts, with motive power designed for carrying 10 passengers or fewer, including vans, but does not include a motorcycle, a trailer or a vehicle constructed either on a truck chassis registered for a gross weight of more than 12,000 pounds or a farm truck registered for a gross weight of more than 16,000 pounds.

(K.S.A. 8-1343a-8-1345)

(a)   Except as provided in subsection (b):

(1)   Each occupant of either a passenger car manufactured with safety belts in compliance with federal motor vehicle safety standard no. 208 or an autocycle, who is 18 years of age or older, shall have a safety belt properly fastened about such person’s body at all times when the passenger car is in motion; and

(2)   Each occupant of either a passenger car manufactured with safety belts in compliance with federal motor vehicle safety standard no. 208 or an autocycle, who is at least 14 years of age but less than 18 years of age, shall have a safety belt properly fastened about such person’s body at all times when the passenger car is in motion.

(b)   This section does not apply to:

(1)   An occupant of a passenger car who possesses a written statement from a licensed physician that such person is unable for medical reasons to wear a safety belt system;

(2)   Carriers of United States mail while actually engaged in delivery and collection of mail along their specified routes; or

(3)   Newspaper delivery persons while actually engaged in delivery of newspapers along their specified routes.

(c)   Law enforcement officers shall not stop drivers for violations of subsection (a)(1) by a backseat occupant in the absence of another violation of law. A citation for violation of subsection (a)(1) by a backseat occupant shall not be issued without citing the violation that initially caused the officer to effect the enforcement stop.

(d)  

(1)   Persons convicted of violating subsection (a)(1) shall be guilty of a traffic infraction and fined $30 and no court costs; and

(2)   Persons convicted of violating subsection (a)(2) shall be guilty of a traffic infraction and fined $60 and no court costs.

(e)   As used in this section, passenger car means a motor vehicle, manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1968, or a motor vehicle manufactured or assembled prior to 1968 which was manufactured or assembled with safety belts, with motive power designed for carrying 10 passengers or fewer, including vans, but does not include a motorcycle or a motor-driven cycle. (K.S.A. 8-2502 - 8-2504; K.S.A. 8-2116)

(a)   Every passenger car manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1965, shall be equipped with at least two (2) lap-type safety belt assemblies for use in the front seating positions.

(b)   Every passenger car manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1968, shall be equipped with a lap-type safety belt assembly for each permanent passenger seating position. This requirement shall not apply to police vehicles.

(c)   Every passenger car manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1968, shall be equipped with at least two (2) shoulder harness-type safety belt assemblies for use in the front seating positions.

(d)   The secretary of transportation shall except specified types of motor vehicles or seating positions within any motor vehicle from the requirements imposed by subsections (a) to (c) when compliance would be impractical.

(e)   No person shall distribute, have for sale, offer for sale or sell any safety belt or shoulder harness for use in motor vehicles unless it meets current minimum standards and specifications approved by the secretary of transportation. (K.S.A. 8-1749)

(a)   It shall be unlawful for any person under the age of 14 years to ride on any vehicle or upon any portion thereof not designed or intended for use of passengers when the vehicle is in motion.

(b)   It shall be unlawful for the operator of any vehicle to allow any person under the age of 14 years to ride on any vehicle or upon any portion thereof not designed or intended for the use of passengers when the vehicle is in motion.

(c)   This section shall not apply to:

(1)   An employee under the age of 14 years engaged in the necessary discharge of the employee’s duty within truck bodies in space intended for merchandise or cargo; or

(2)   When the vehicle is being operated in parades, caravans or exhibitions which are officially authorized or otherwise permitted by law.

(d)   The provisions of subsections (a) and (b) shall apply only when a vehicle is being operated within the corporate limits of the city.

(K.S.A. 8-1578a)

Ref.: For Persons 14 Years of Age and Older see Sec. 115.